![]() Most studies tended to conflate gender with women and girls – making distinctions between widowed, married, unmarried and divorced women – but ignoring other dimensions such as class, health status, religion, ethnicity, education, prior work experience, political affiliation, and civil participation. A question that emerged as the papers were analysed was whether the arduous work of targeting individuals was efficient or necessary, given that the available evidence suggests that beneficiaries generally tend to share their stipend with other family members for the collective good. Out of 1,564 papers initially identified and screened, 22 were included in the final stage. It examines the findings from an intersectional gender perspective allowing the authors to build on the knowledge of ‘what works’ in interventions in general and hopefully improve genderĮquality and social inclusion. This literature review aims to explore the evidence on the effects of social assistance on gender, familial, and household relations and power dynamics among refugees and (internally) displaced populations in Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Lebanon. There may also be others involved, such as professional groupings, employers, market-based actors, and volunteers and staff who act as providers or. The place and role of parents and children and adolescents should also be analysed, especially investigating the amount and type of agency that they are allowed in interventions. Among the key typical or usual actors are the state, public authorities and political actors the international organizations and community-based and civil society actors (NGOs or community-based organizations - CBOs). These can be grouped into types of actors (as in the discussion earlier for the universe as a whole see Figure 2, p. Second, one has to examine the identity and role of the key actors as driving influences on developments in family support and/or parenting support. ![]() The role, influence and use of scientific evidence in configuring the 'problem' and identifying possible solutions is part of what should be considered here. In regard to driving influences, the research results suggest the need to enquire about, first, what the precipitating 'problems' or set of problems are seen to be, how such problems are configured and interpreted by decision-makers, and what kind of philosophical and political position is taken on them. These could be conceived as part of the context but they are kept as a specific dimension in their own right because they are often the most important factor either precipitating action or determining the form that a particular intervention will take. second level or cluster of factors relates primarily to the driving influences. Among them are the use in South Africa of paraprofessionals to deliver family support with early child development and health components (family and community motivators) and in Jamaica the community health workers who engage in home. There are many examples of differential resource access and use within and across countries. As a result, among other things, measures oriented to family support and parenting support in these countries or regions are less specialized, less formal and more likely to be grounded in community and peer support than in the high-income countries. Such a context, whether in terms of the service infrastructure or the history and acceptability of state intervention, does not obtain to the same extent in most low-and middle- income countries or regions. In these contexts, family support and parenting support take place within the context of, and to some extent are an evolution of, a range of other supportive services, including social services, health, education and early child development (and in some instances cash transfers see the exosystem in Figure 2). ![]() In the high-income countries, family support and parenting support typically assume and rest on a service infrastructure, effectively a welfare state. is also important because it encompasses the institutional and policy situation (and resources) prevalent in a country or region.
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